Applying whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing in breast cancer: a review of the landscape

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) are crucial within the context of breast cancer (BC) research. They play a role in the detection of predisposed genes, risk stratification, and identification of rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These technologies aid in the discovery of associations between various syndromes and BC, understanding the tumour microenvironment (TME), and even identifying unknown mutations that could be useful in future for personalised treatments. Genetic analysis can find the associated risk of BC and can be used in early screening, diagnosis, specific treatment plans, and prevention in patients who are at high risk of tumour formation. This article focuses on the application of WES and WGS, and how uncovering novel candidate genes associated with BC can aid in treating and preventing BC.