Assessment of pesticide usage, phytosanitary practices and risks associated with pesticide use by farmers in Cameroon: A comprehensive literature review

Studies have explored Cameroonian farmers’ use of synthetic pesticides for pest and disease control during crop production and postharvest. Given reports of pesticide poisoning and high residue levels in Cameroonian food products, a comprehensive overview of pesticide practices among smallholders is essential. This review aims to assess current practices and factors influencing farmers’ phytosanitary behaviors in Cameroon. Data were compiled and analyzed from 27 peer-reviewed articles found through online databases. Results indicate insufficient knowledge, lack of training, and non-compliance with recommended doses (81% on average), application frequency (93.4%), and manufacturer guidelines (87%). Additionally, 75% of farmers do not use personal protective equipment (PPE), with higher education levels linked to better PPE use. Between 11% and 60% of farmers engage in unsafe practices, such as talking, singing, or eating during pesticide application; 74% ignore preharvest intervals, and half store pesticides in the house where they live. Concerning disposal, 44% discard empty containers on fields, while 17% reuse them, sometimes for food or water. This review identified 24 acute toxicity symptoms, including cramps (71%), pruritus (66%), thirst (54%), abdominal pain (42%), and chronic issues like reproductive toxicity (19%) and cancer (5%). In conclusion, this review reveals significant gaps in phytosanitary practices, impacting health, environmental safety, and consumer exposure, emphasizing the need for better farmer training and stronger pesticide regulation in Cameroon.