Graphene-based nanomaterials and their application in bioreactors

This chapter focuses on the membranes and immobilization matrices created by nanostructured technologies, graphene, and reduced graphene oxide, which are grouped according to their chemical configuration. As a result, several types of nanoparticles have been employed as the matrix for immobilizing cells and enzymes along with the advancement of nanostructured technologies, taking into account the benefits that immobilized cells and enzymes on the nanoparticles have over other matrices. However, much as with any other immobilization material, surface modification is required to functionalize or alter the immobilization site to effectively immobilize cells on nanoparticles. In addition to the surface matrices treatment, a number of bioreactor parameters have been explored, each of which would influence the cell growth rate, proliferation, and extracellular product synthesis, resulting in an increase in yield with a low probability of cell lysis.