Mini-review of polyethylene and polystyrene biodegradation by plastic-eating beetle larvae (mealworms and superworms)

The rapid growth in plastic production and its widespread use have led to the long-term accumulation of plastic waste in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, raising serious environmental concerns worldwide. Existing recycling and disposal methods are often inefficient or environmentally costly, which has encouraged researchers to explore alternative and more sustainable approaches. In recent years, biological degradation of plastics has gained increasing attention, particularly studies focusing on plastic-degrading organisms. Among these, wax-worms have shown notable potential due to their ability to consume styrofoam and other polystyrene-based materials. Experimental studies suggest that the worms can survive on such diets, largely due to the activity of microorganisms present in their digestive systems. These microorganisms play a key role in breaking down polymer structures and converting them into carbon dioxide and nutrients that support the worms' metabolism. Moreover, the biodegradable by-products excreted during digestion may offer additional benefits, such as potential use as soil amendments in agricultural applications. Overall, research on wax worm–mediated plastic degradation highlights a promising biological pathway for reducing plastic accumulation in natural environments. This review summarizes and evaluates recent findings on the biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene, with particular attention to underlying biological mechanisms and future research directions.